U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) MODFLOW-OWHM NOTE: Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. NAME MF-OWHM - One-Water Hydrologic Flow Model - (http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a51/) Modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water model Version 1.00.00 (11/05/2014) includes MODFLOW-2005 - Version: 1.11.0 08/08/2013 ABSTRACT The One-Water Hydrologic Flow Model (MF-OWHM) is a MODFLOW-based integrated hydrologic flow model (IHM) that is the most complete version, to date, of the MODFLOW family of hydrologic simulators needed for the analysis of a broad range of conjunctive-use issues. Conjunctive use is the combined use of groundwater and surface water. MF-OWHM allows the simulation, analysis, and management of nearly all components of human and natural water movement and use in a physically-based supply-and-demand framework. MF-OWHM is based on the Farm Process for MODFLOW-2005 (MF-FMP2) combined with Local Grid Refinement (LGR) for embedded models to allow use of the Farm Process (FMP) and Streamflow Routing (SFR) within embedded grids. MF-OWHM also includes new features such as the Surface-water Routing Process (SWR), Seawater Intrusion (SWI), and Riparian Evapotranspiration (RIP-ET), and new solvers such as Newton-Raphson (NWT) and nonlinear preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCGN). This IHM also includes new connectivities to expand the linkages for deformation-, flow-, and head-dependent flows. Deformation-dependent flows are simulated through the optional linkage to simulated land subsidence with a vertically deforming mesh. Flow-dependent flows now include linkages between the new SWR with SFR and FMP, as well as connectivity with embedded models for SFR and FMP through LGR. Head-dependent flows now include a modified Hydrologic Flow Barrier Package (HFB) that allows optional transient HFB capabilities, and the flow between any two layers that are adjacent along a depositional or erosional boundary or displaced along a fault. MF-OWHM represents a complete operational hydrologic model that fully links the movement and use of groundwater, surface water, and imported water for consumption by irrigated agriculture, but also of water used in urban areas and by natural vegetation. Supply and demand components of water use are analyzed under demand-driven and supply-constrained conditions. From large- to small-scale settings, MF-OWHM has the unique set of capabilities to simulate and analyze historical, present, and future conjunctive-use conditions. MF-OWHM is especially useful for the analysis of agricultural water use where few data are available for pumpage, land use, or agricultural information. The features presented in this IHM include additional linkages with SFR, SWR, Drain-Return (DRT), Multi-Node Wells (MNW1 and MNW2), and Unsaturated-Zone Flow (UZF). Thus, MF-OWHM helps to reduce the loss of water during simulation of the hydrosphere and helps to account for "all of the water everywhere and all of the time." In addition to groundwater, surface-water, and landscape budgets, MF-OWHM provides more options for observations of land subsidence, hydraulic properties, and evapotranspiration (ET) than previous models. Detailed landscape budgets combined with output of estimates of actual evapotranspiration facilitates linkage to remotely sensed observations as input or as additional observations for parameter estimation or water-use analysis. The features of FMP have been extended to allow for temporally variable water-accounting units (farms) that can be linked to land-use models and the specification of both surface-water and groundwater allotments to facilitate sustainability analysis and connectivity to the Groundwater Management Process (GWM). METHOD The ground-water flow equation is solved using the finite-difference approximation. The flow region is subdivided into blocks in which the medium properties are assumed to be uniform. In plan view the blocks are made from a grid of mutually perpendicular lines that may be variably spaced. Model layers can have varying thickness. A flow equation is written for each block, called a cell. Several solvers are provided for solving the resulting matrix problem; the user can choose the best solver for the particular problem. Flow-rate and cumulative-volume balances from each type of inflow and outflow are computed for each time step. HISTORY MF-OWHM Version 1.0.00 This version is the initial release (MF-OWHM). See FUNTIONALITY for package listing. DATA REQUIREMENTS In order to use MODFLOW, initial conditions, hydraulic properties, and stresses must be specified for every model cell in the finite- difference grid. Input data are read from files. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS MODFLOW-OWHM is written primarily in Fortran 90/95 and makes use of features in Fortran 2003 and 2008. Only the GMG solver package is written in C. The code has been used on UNIX-based computers and personal computers running various forms of the Microsoft Windows operating system. FUNTIONALITY MF-OWHM includes the following functionality that is documented in Harbaugh (2005). BAS -- Basic Package DIS -- Discretization Package BCF -- Block-Centered Flow Package LPF -- Layer-Property Flow Package HFB -- Horizontal Flow Barrier Package CHD -- Time-Variant Specified-Head Option RIV -- River Package DRN -- Drain Package WEL -- Well Package GHB -- General Head Boundary Package RCH -- Recharge Package EVT -- Evapotranspiration Package SIP -- Strongly Implicit Procedure Package PCG -- Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Package DE4 -- Direct solver PVAL-- Parameter Value Package ZONE-- Zone Package MULT-- Multiplier Package OC -- Output Control The following functionality is included in MF-OWHM FMP -- Farm Process SWR -- Surface Water Routing SWI -- Seawater Intrusion Package UPW -- Upstream Weight Package MNW1-- Multi-Node Well Package Version 1 MNW2-- Multi-Node Well Package Version 2 MNWI-- Multi-Node Well Information Package LGR -- Local Grid Refinement Package BFH -- Boundary Flow and Head Package GMG -- Geometric Multigrid Solver PCGN-- Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Solver with Improved Nonlinear Control package NWT -- Newton Solver RIP -- Riparian Evapotranspiration STR -- Streamflow-Routing Package FHB -- Flow and Head Boundary Package IBS -- Interbed Storage Package HUF -- Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow Package KDEP-- Hydraulic-Conductivity Depth-Dependence Capability LVDA-- Model-Layer Variable-Direction Horizontal Anisotropy Package ETS -- Evapotranspiration with a Segmented Function Package DRT -- Drains with Return Flow Package RES -- Reservoir Package SUB -- Subsidence Package SFR -- Streamflow-Routing Package LAK -- Lake Package UZF -- Unsaturated Zone Package GAGE-- Gage Package OBS -- Observation Process HOB -- Head Observation Package CHOB-- Constant Head Observation Package GBOB-- General-Head-Boundary Observation Package DROB-- Drain Observation Package RVOB-- River Observation Package SWT -- Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction Package +/- Water Table Conditions LMT -- Link to the MT3DMS contaminant-transport model HYD -- HYDMOD Hydrograph capability for groundwater, surface-water, and subsidence time-series data DOCUMENTATION The basic documentation for MF-OWHM is contained in: Hanson, R.T., Boyce, S.E., Schmid, Wolfgang, Hughes, J.D., Mehl, S.M., Leake, S.A., Maddock, Thomas, III, and Niswonger, R.G., 2014, One-Water Hydrologic Flow Model (MODFLOW-OWHM): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A51, 120 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/tm6A51. The basic documentation for MODFLOW-2005 is contained in: Harbaugh, A.W., 2005, MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- the Ground-Water Flow Process: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16, variously p. The FMP Process is documented in: Schmid, W., Hanson, R.T., Maddock III, T.M., and Leake, S.A., 2006, User’s guide for the Farm Package (FMP1) for the U.S. Geological Survey’s modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Scientific Methods Report Book 6, Chapter A17, 127p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6A17/) Schmid, Wolfgang, and Hanson R.T., 2009, The Farm Process Version 2 (FMP2) for MODFLOW-2005 - Modifications and Upgrades to FMP1: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques in Water Resources Investigations, Book 6, Chapter A32, 102p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a32/) The Surface-Water Routing Process is documented in: Hughes, J.D., Langevin, C.D., Chartier, K.L., and White, J.T., 2012, Documentation of the Surface-Water Routing (SWR1) Process for modeling surface-water flow with the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model (MODFLOW-2005): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 6, chap. A40 (Version 1.0), 113 p. Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/6a40/ MODFLOW-NWT is documented in: Niswonger, R.G., Panday, Sorab, and Ibaraki, Motomu, 2011, MODFLOW-NWT, A Newton formulation for MODFLOW-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A37, 44 p. The SWI2 Package is documented in: Bakker, M., Schaars, F., Hughes, J.D., Langevin, C.D., Dausman, A.M., 2013, Documentation of the seawater intrusion (SWI2) package for MODFLOW: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 6, chap. A46, 47 p. The STR Package is documented in: Prudic, D.E., 1989, Documentation of a computer program to simulate stream-aquifer relations using a modular, finite-difference, ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-729, 113 p. The FHB Package is documented in: Leake, S.A., and Lilly, M.R., 1997, Documentation of a computer program (FHB1) for assignment of transient specified-flow and specified-head boundaries in applications of the modular finite- difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-571, 50 p. The IBS Package is documented in: Leake, S.A. and Prudic, D.E., 1991, Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 6, Chapter A2, 68 p. The HUF Package is documented in: Anderman, E.R., and Hill, M.C., 2000, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Documentation of the Hydrogeologic- Unit Flow (HUF) Package: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-342, 89 p. Anderman, E.R., Kipp, K.L., Hill, M.C., Valstar, Johan, and Neupauer, R.M., 2002, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Documentation of the Model-Layer Variable-Direction Horizontal Anisotropy (LVDA) capability of the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) Package: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-409, 60 p. Anderman, E.R., and Hill, M.C., 2003, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Three additions to the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) Package: Alternative storage for the uppermost active cells, Flows in hydrogeologic units, and the Hydraulic-conductivity depth-dependence (KDEP) capability:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-347, 36 p. The MNW Package is documented in: Halford, K.J. and Hanson, R.T., 2002, User guide for the drawdown-limited, multi-node well (MNW) package for the U.S. Geological Survey's modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model, versions MODFLOW-96 and MODFLOW-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-293, 33 p. The DRT and ETS Packages are documented in: Banta, E.R., 2000, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- documentation of packages for simulating evapotranspiration with a segmented function (ETS1) and drains with return flow (DRT1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-466, 127 p. The RES Package is documented in: Fenske, J.P., Leake, S.A., and Prudic, D.E., 1996, Documentation of a computer program (RES1) to simulate leakage from reservoirs using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-364, 51 p. The SUB Package is documented in: Hoffmann, Jorn, Leake, S.A., Galloway, D.L., and Wilson, A.M., 2003, MODFLOW-2000 ground-water model -- User guide to the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction (SUB) Package: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-233, 46 p. The OBS Process is documented in: Hill, M.C., Banta, E.R., Harbaugh, A.W., and Anderman, E.R., 2000, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- User guide to the Observation, Sensitivity, and Parameter-Estimation Processes and three post-processing programs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-184, 209 p. See file obs.pdf for documentation of the OBS Process in MODFLOW-2005, including input instructions. The SFR Package is documented in: Prudic, D.E., Konikow, L.F., and Banta, E.R., A new Streamflow-Routing (SFR1) Package to simulate stream-aquifer interaction with MODFLOW-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2004-1042, 95 p. Niswonger, R.G., and Prudic, D.E., 2005, Documentation of the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package to include unsaturated flow beneath streams -- a modification to SFR1: U.S. Geological Techniques and Methods Book 6, Chapter A13, 47 p. The UZF Package is documented in: Niswonger, R.G., Prudic, D.E., and Regan, R.S., 2006, Documentation of the Unsaturated-Zone Flow (UZF1) Package for modeling unsaturated flow between the land surface and the water table with MODFLOW-2005: U.S. Geological Techniques and Methods Book 6, Chapter A19, 62 p. The LAK Package is documented in: Merritt, M.L., and Konikow, L.F., 2000, Documentation of a computer program to simulate lake-aquifer interaction using the MODFLOW ground-water flow model and the MOC3D solute-transport model: Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4167, 146 p. The GAG Package is documented as part of the above SFR and LAK documentation. The SWT Package is documented in: Leake, S.A. and Galloway, D.L., 2007, MODFLOW ground-water model -- User guide to the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction Package (SUB-WT) for water-table aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A23, 42 p. The LMT Package is documented in: Zheng, Chunmiao, Hill, M.C., and Hsieh, P.A., 2001, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model - User guide to the LMT6 package, the linkage with MT3DMS for multi-species mass transport modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-82, 43 p. HYDMOD is documented in: Hanson, R.T. and Leake, S.A., 1999, Documentation of HYDMOD, a program for extracting and processing time-series data from the U.S. Geological Survey's modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-564, 57 p. A separate file, hydmod7.pdf, documents the conversion for MODFLOW-2005. CONTACTS U.S. Geological Survey California Water Science Center 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200 San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 225-6139 MODFLOW_OWHM@usgs.gov See http://water.usgs.gov/software/ordering_documentation.html for information on ordering printed copies of USGS publications.